PRIOR PRINTER'S NOS. 705, 2414 PRINTER'S NO. 3201
No. 637 Session of 1989
INTRODUCED BY LEVDANSKY, S. H. SMITH, KASUNIC, DALEY, WOZNIAK, STAIRS, HALUSKA, ARGALL, LUCYK, BLACK, MARKOSEK, DeWEESE, ITKIN, COLAIZZO, COWELL, WASS, LAUGHLIN, TELEK, TRICH, KONDRICH, STISH, BELARDI, BURD, KAISER, PETRARCA, McCALL, BILLOW, CESSAR, CARLSON, J. L. WRIGHT, GEIST, CAWLEY, FARGO, PHILLIPS, DISTLER, JAROLIN, TANGRETTI, HESS, McVERRY AND HERMAN, MARCH 6, 1989
AS AMENDED ON THIRD CONSIDERATION, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, MARCH 20, 1990
AN ACT 1 Encouraging the use of alternative motor fuels; providing for <-- 2 acquisition of State-owned vehicles which operate on 3 alternative motor fuels; providing for powers and duties of 4 the Department of General Services and the Pennsylvania 5 Energy Office; and establishing a State Government Task Force 6 on Alternative Motor Fuels. 7 ENCOURAGING THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE MOTOR FUELS; PROVIDING FOR <-- 8 ACQUISITION AND STUDY OF VEHICLES WHICH OPERATE ON 9 ALTERNATIVE MOTOR FUELS; AND PROVIDING FOR POWERS AND DUTIES 10 OF THE PENNSYLVANIA ENERGY OFFICE. 11 The General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 12 hereby enacts as follows: 13 Section 1. Short title. <-- 14 This act shall be known and may be cited as the Alternative 15 Motor Fuels Act. 16 Section 2. Legislative findings and declaration of policy. 17 The General Assembly finds and declares as follows: 18 (1) The achievement of long-term energy security is 19 essential to a strong economy and the well-being of the
1 Commonwealth's citizens. 2 (2) The displacement of energy derived from imported oil 3 with alternative fuels will help achieve energy security and 4 improve air quality. 5 (3) Methanol, ethanol and natural gas are proven 6 transportation fuels that can have lower emissions of 7 undesirable pollutants than gasoline and diesel fuel; 8 however, additional research is needed to identify actions to 9 be taken to forestall effects of all fuels on global climate. 10 (4) By enacting the act of December 14, 1982 (P.L.1213, 11 No.280), entitled "An act amending the act of April 9, 1929 12 (P.L.177, No.175), entitled 'An act providing for and 13 reorganizing the conduct of the executive and administrative 14 work of the Commonwealth by the Executive Department thereof 15 and the administrative departments, boards, commissions, and 16 officers thereof, including the boards of trustees of State 17 Normal Schools, or Teachers Colleges; abolishing, creating, 18 reorganizing or authorizing the reorganization of certain 19 administrative departments, boards, and commissions; defining 20 the powers and duties of the Governor and other executive and 21 administrative officers, and of the several administrative 22 departments, boards, commissions, and officers; fixing the 23 salaries of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and certain 24 other executive and administrative officers; providing for 25 the appointment of certain administrative officers, and of 26 all deputies and other assistants and employes in certain 27 departments, boards, and commissions; and prescribing the 28 manner in which the number and compensation of the deputies 29 and all other assistants and employes of certain departments, 30 boards and commissions shall be determined,' requiring moneys 19890H0637B3201 - 2 -
1 received by criminals as a result of the commission of a 2 crime to be paid to the Crime Victim's Compensation Board, 3 permitting certain research on State vehicles, and relating 4 to emergency petroleum product shortages and energy 5 development and making an appropriation," and the act of 6 March 29, 1984 (P.L.154, No.29), entitled "An act permitting 7 all State-owned vehicles to be converted to operate on 8 natural gas; and requiring indications of dual systems," the 9 General Assembly has recognized the desirability of using 10 alternative motor fuels. However, these goals must be 11 monitored and coordinated through an ongoing program to 12 encourage the use of various alternative fuels in government, 13 commercial and private vehicles in an environmentally 14 acceptable manner. 15 (5) Through adoption of the Alternative Motor Fuels Act 16 of 1988, (Public Law 100-494, 102 Stat. 2441), Congress has 17 indicated support for the development and widespread use of 18 methanol, ethanol and natural gas as transportation fuels and 19 for the production of methanol, ethanol and natural gas 20 powered motor vehicles. 21 (6) To fulfill its obligation to promote the health, 22 safety and welfare of its citizens and to protect the 23 environment, the Commonwealth would encourage the use of 24 alternative fuels which will reduce emissions and dependence 25 on energy derived from imported oil. 26 Section 3. Definitions. 27 The following words and phrases when used in this act shall 28 have the meanings given to them in this section unless the 29 context clearly indicates otherwise: 30 "Acquire." To lease a vehicle for a period of 60 continuous 19890H0637B3201 - 3 -
1 days or longer or to purchase a vehicle. 2 "Alcohol." A mixture containing 85% or more by volume 3 methanol, ethanol or other alcohols in any combination. 4 "Alcohol powered vehicle." A vehicle designed to operate 5 exclusively on alcohol. 6 "Department." The Department of General Services of the 7 Commonwealth. 8 "Dual fuel vehicle." A vehicle which is capable of operating 9 on alcohol and on gasoline or diesel fuel. 10 "Natural gas dual fuel vehicle." A vehicle which is capable 11 of operating on natural gas and on gasoline or diesel fuel. 12 "Natural gas powered vehicle." A vehicle designed to operate 13 exclusively on natural gas. 14 "Task force." The State Government Task Force on Alternative 15 Motor Fuels. 16 Section 4. Powers and duties of the Department of General 17 Services. 18 (a) Commonwealth vehicles.--The Department of General 19 Service, in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Energy Office, 20 shall ensure that the maximum number practicable of passenger 21 automobiles and light duty trucks acquired annually for use by 22 the Commonwealth are alcohol powered vehicles, alcohol dual fuel 23 vehicles, natural gas powered vehicles or natural gas dual 24 energy vehicles. 25 (b) Types of vehicles.--The department shall, to the extent 26 practicable and consistent with this section, ensure that the 27 number of alcohol dual fuel vehicles acquired under this section 28 is at least as great as the number of alcohol powered vehicles, 29 and that the number of natural gas dual fuel vehicles acquired 30 under this section is at least as great as the number of natural 19890H0637B3201 - 4 -
1 gas powered vehicles acquired under this section. When acquiring 2 alcohol powered vehicles and alcohol dual fuel vehicles, the 3 department shall ensure, to the maximum extent practicable, that 4 the number of vehicles powered by methanol derived in whole or 5 in part from coal is at least as great as the number of vehicles 6 powered by other methanol products, ethanol or other alcohols. 7 To the maximum extent practicable, both vehicles capable of 8 operating on alcohol and vehicles capable of operating on 9 natural gas shall be acquired, and such vehicles shall be 10 supplied by original equipment manufacturers. 11 (c) Study of vehicles.--The department, in cooperation with 12 the Pennsylvania Energy Office and the Department of 13 Transportation, shall conduct a study of the vehicles acquired 14 under subsection (a) which, at a minimum, shall include the 15 following: 16 (1) A comparison of the performance of the vehicles, 17 including performance in cold weather and at high altitude to 18 the performance in cold weather and at high altitude of other 19 gasoline-fueled passenger automobiles and light duty trucks. 20 (2) A comparison of the fuel economy, safety and 21 emissions of the vehicles to the fuel economy, safety and 22 emissions of other gasoline-fueled passenger automobiles and 23 light duty trucks. 24 (3) A comparison of the operation and maintenance costs 25 of such vehicles to the operation and maintenance costs of 26 other gasoline-fueled passenger automobiles and light duty 27 trucks. 28 (4) An analysis of the total costs and benefits relating 29 to vehicles operating on alternative fuels as compared to the 30 costs and benefits relating to other gasoline-fueled 19890H0637B3201 - 5 -
1 passenger automobiles and light duty trucks. 2 (5) The status of current and prospective technologies 3 to control emissions resulting from use of certain 4 alternative motor fuels. 5 (6) The advisability, feasibility and timing of the 6 disposal of vehicles acquired under subsection (a). 7 (d) Report of results of study.--The department, in 8 cooperation with the Pennsylvania Energy Office and the 9 Department of Transportation, shall report upon the results of 10 the study conducted under subsection (c) to the Conservation, 11 State Government and Transportation Committees of the House of 12 Representatives and to the Environmental Resources and Energy, 13 State Government and Transportation Committees of the Senate 14 within five years from the effective date of this act. The 15 report shall include appropriate recommendations for future 16 activities related to the Commonwealth's acquisition of vehicles 17 which operate on alternative motor fuels. 18 (e) Requests for vehicles.--Upon the request of the head of 19 any agency of this Commonwealth, the department shall, to the 20 maximum extent practicable, ensure that the agency is provided 21 with vehicles acquired under subsection (a), provided that the 22 agency agrees to cooperate with studies undertaken pursuant to 23 this section. 24 Section 5. Duties of the Pennsylvania Energy Office. 25 (a) Demonstration program.--The Pennsylvania Energy Office, 26 in cooperation with manufacturers of heavy duty engines, any 27 Pennsylvania college or university, and appropriate Federal and 28 State agencies, may establish a commercial application 29 demonstration program to study the use of alcohol and natural 30 gas in heavy duty trucks and, if appropriate, other heavy duty 19890H0637B3201 - 6 -
1 applications. 2 (b) Testing program.--The Pennsylvania Energy Office, 3 pursuant to the Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988 (Public Law 4 100-494, 102 Stat. 2441), shall cooperate with appropriate 5 Federal, State and local government agencies in the testing in 6 urban settings of transit buses capable of operating on alcohol 7 and buses capable of operating on natural gas for emissions 8 levels, durability, safety and fuel economy, comparing the 9 different types with each other and with diesel powered transit 10 buses, as such buses will be required to operate under Federal 11 safety and environmental standards applicable to such buses for 12 the model year 1991. To the extent practicable, testing under 13 this subsection shall apply equally to transit buses capable of 14 operating on alcohol and buses capable of operating on natural 15 gas. The Pennsylvania Energy Office shall assist State and local 16 government agencies, as necessary, to secure Federal and State 17 funds which may be available to carry out the purposes of this 18 subsection. 19 Section 6. State Government Task Force on Alternative Motor 20 Fuels. 21 (a) Establishment.--There is established a State Government 22 Task Force on Alternative Motor Fuels. The task force shall be 23 composed of the Lieutenant Governor, as Chairman of the 24 Pennsylvania Energy Office, or his designee, the Secretary of 25 General Services, or his designee, the Secretary of 26 Transportation, or his designee, the Secretary of Commerce, or 27 his designee, the Secretary of Agriculture, or his designee, the 28 Secretary of Environmental Resources, or his designee, the 29 Secretary of Labor and Industry, or his designee, the Chairman 30 of the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, or his designee, 19890H0637B3201 - 7 -
1 and four members of the General Assembly, or their designees, 2 one appointed by the President pro tempore of the Senate, one by 3 the Minority Leader of the Senate, one by the Speaker of the 4 House of Representatives and one by the Minority Leader of the 5 House of Representatives. 6 (b) Operating procedures.--A majority of members shall 7 constitute a quorum. Meetings of the task force shall be held at 8 least semiannually or at the call of the chairperson, or at the 9 request of at least five members of the task force. A 10 chairperson shall be elected by a majority of members present at 11 the first meeting of the task force which shall be called by the 12 Lieutenant Governor within three months of the effective date of 13 this act. A new chairperson shall be elected annually, and 14 members of the task force shall serve terms concurrent with 15 their terms in office. 16 (c) Duties.--The task force shall have the following duties: 17 (1) To coordinate efforts of State agencies with Federal 18 programs to promote the use of alternative motor fuels. 19 (2) To provide for the exchange of information among 20 individuals, private industry, public agencies and colleges 21 and universities interested in the development and use of 22 alternative motor fuels. 23 (3) To monitor and, to the maximum extent practicable, 24 participate in the efforts of Federal agencies to develop a 25 long-term plan for the commercialization of alcohols, natural 26 gas and other potential alternative motor fuels. 27 (4) To provide comments on rules, regulations, policies 28 and reports issued pursuant to the Alternative Motor Fuels 29 Act of 1988 (Public Law 100-494, 102 Stat. 2441), or issued 30 pursuant to the authority of other Federal, State or local 19890H0637B3201 - 8 -
1 agencies regarding alternative motor fuels. 2 (5) To appoint, as may be necessary, advisory groups 3 consisting of persons from the private sector, educational 4 institutions, State agencies, local government agencies, 5 environmental organizations and the general public who are 6 knowledgeable about alternative motor fuels and their 7 possible uses, the production and conversion of vehicles to 8 use alternative motor fuels, or the development of 9 technologies to reduce emissions associated with the use of 10 alternative motor fuels. Appointments shall be made from 11 names submitted to the chairperson, subject to approval by a 12 majority of members of the task force. Advisory groups 13 appointed pursuant to this subsection shall meet at the call 14 of the chairperson of the task force. 15 (6) To submit an interim report to the Governor and the 16 General Assembly, no later than January 1, 1993, setting 17 forth actions taken by the task force pursuant to this 18 section, together with appropriate recommendations for future 19 activities relating to the use of alternative motor fuels in 20 this Commonwealth. 21 (d) Staff and facilities.--The Pennsylvania Energy Office 22 shall provide staff assistance and meeting facilities for the 23 task force as needed. 24 Section 7. Repeals. 25 All acts and parts of acts are repealed insofar as they are 26 inconsistent with this act. 27 Section 8. Effective date. 28 This act shall take effect immediately. 29 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. <-- 30 THIS ACT SHALL BE KNOWN AND MAY BE CITED AS THE PENNSYLVANIA 19890H0637B3201 - 9 -
1 ALTERNATIVE FUELS ACT. 2 SECTION 2. LEGISLATIVE FINDINGS AND DECLARATION OF POLICY. 3 THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY FINDS AND DECLARES AS FOLLOWS: 4 (1) A RECENT REPORT OF THE AMERICAN LUNG ASSOCIATION 5 INDICATES THAT ANNUAL HEALTH COSTS TO PENNSYLVANIANS 6 RESULTING FROM AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS RANGE FROM $200,000,000 7 TO $4,000,000,000. 8 (2) METHANOL, ETHANOL AND NATURAL GAS ARE PROVEN 9 TRANSPORTATION FUELS THAT CAN HAVE LOWER EMISSIONS OF 10 UNDESIRABLE POLLUTANTS THAN GASOLINE AND DIESEL FUEL. 11 (3) THE ACHIEVEMENT OF LONG-TERM ENERGY SECURITY IS 12 ESSENTIAL TO A STRONG ECONOMY AND THE WELL-BEING OF THE 13 COMMONWEALTH'S CITIZENS. 14 (4) THE DISPLACEMENT OF ENERGY DERIVED FROM IMPORTED OIL 15 WITH ALTERNATIVE FUELS WILL HELP ACHIEVE ENERGY SECURITY AND 16 IMPROVE AIR QUALITY. 17 (5) CONGRESS HAS INDICATED SUPPORT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT 18 AND WIDESPREAD USE OF METHANOL, ETHANOL AND NATURAL GAS AS 19 TRANSPORTATION FUELS THROUGH ADOPTION OF THE ALTERNATIVE 20 MOTOR FUELS ACT OF 1988 (PUBLIC LAW 100-494, 102 STAT. 2441) 21 AND IS CURRENTLY CONSIDERING MORE STRINGENT VEHICLE EMISSION 22 STANDARDS AND CLEAN FUEL REQUIREMENTS AS AMENDMENTS TO THE 23 CLEAN AIR ACT (PUBLIC LAW 95-95, 42 U.S.C. § 7401 ET SEQ.). 24 (6) THE COMMONWEALTH, IN FULFILLING ITS OBLIGATION TO 25 PROMOTE THE HEALTH, SAFETY AND WELFARE OF ITS CITIZENS AND TO 26 PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT, SHOULD SET AN EXAMPLE OF CONCERN FOR 27 CLEAN AIR AND ENERGY SECURITY BY ENCOURAGING THE USE OF 28 ALTERNATIVE FUELS BY STATE AGENCIES. 29 SECTION 3. DEFINITIONS. 30 THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND PHRASES WHEN USED IN THIS ACT SHALL 19890H0637B3201 - 10 -
1 HAVE THE MEANINGS GIVEN TO THEM IN THIS SECTION UNLESS THE 2 CONTEXT CLEARLY INDICATES OTHERWISE: 3 "ACQUIRE." TO LEASE A VEHICLE FOR A PERIOD OF 60 CONTINUOUS 4 DAYS OR LONGER, TO PURCHASE A VEHICLE OR TO RECEIVE A VEHICLE BY 5 DONATION FOR DEMONSTRATION PURPOSES. 6 "ALCOHOL." A MIXTURE CONTAINING 85% OR MORE BY VOLUME OF 7 METHANOL, ETHANOL OR OTHER ALCOHOLS IN ANY COMBINATION. 8 "ALTERNATIVE MOTOR FUELS ACT OF 1988." PUBLIC LAW 100-494, 9 102 STAT. 2441. 10 "ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLE." A VEHICLE WHICH IS CAPABLE OF 11 OPERATING ON ALCOHOL OR NATURAL GAS, A DUAL FUEL VEHICLE CAPABLE 12 OF OPERATING ON ALCOHOL AND ON GASOLINE OR DIESEL FUEL, OR A 13 NATURAL GAS DUAL FUEL VEHICLE WHICH IS CAPABLE OF OPERATING ON 14 NATURAL GAS AND ON GASOLINE OR DIESEL FUEL. THE TERM SHALL ALSO 15 INCLUDE A VEHICLE POWERED BY ELECTRICITY. 16 "OFFICE." THE PENNSYLVANIA ENERGY OFFICE. 17 SECTION 4. POWERS AND DUTIES OF OFFICE. 18 (A) COMMONWEALTH VEHICLES.--THE PENNSYLVANIA ENERGY OFFICE, 19 IN COOPERATION WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL SERVICES, THE 20 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES AND THE DEPARTMENT OF 21 TRANSPORTATION, SHALL ENCOURAGE THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL 22 VEHICLES BY COMMONWEALTH AGENCIES. A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT TYPES 23 OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES SHALL BE ACQUIRED AND USED BY SUCH 24 AGENCIES INSOFAR AS SUCH PRACTICE IS ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE AND 25 ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE. 26 (B) STUDY.--THE OFFICE SHALL MONITOR THE PERFORMANCE OF 27 ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES ACQUIRED PURSUANT TO SUBSECTION (A) BY 28 RECEIVING REPORTS FROM AGENCIES USING THE VEHICLES. THE REPORTS 29 SHALL INCLUDE, BUT NOT BE LIMITED TO, INFORMATION RELATING TO 30 EMISSIONS, FUEL ECONOMY, SAFETY, OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE 19890H0637B3201 - 11 -
1 COSTS, PERFORMANCE AT HIGH ALTITUDE, PERFORMANCE IN COLD 2 WEATHER, AND A COMPARISON OF THE OVERALL PERFORMANCE AND COST OF 3 EACH TYPE OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLE WITH OTHER TYPES OF 4 ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES OR GASOLINE-FUELED VEHICLES. 5 (C) HEAVY DUTY ENGINES.--THE OFFICE, IN COOPERATION WITH 6 MANUFACTURERS OF HEAVY DUTY ENGINES, ANY PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE OR 7 UNIVERSITY, OR ANY FEDERAL AND STATE AGENCY, MAY ESTABLISH A 8 COMMERCIAL APPLICATION DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM TO STUDY THE USE OF 9 ALTERNATIVE FUELS IN HEAVY DUTY TRUCKS AND, IF APPROPRIATE, IN 10 OTHER HEAVY DUTY APPLICATIONS. 11 (D) TRANSIT BUSES.--THE OFFICE, PURSUANT TO THE ALTERNATIVE 12 MOTOR FUELS ACT OF 1988, SHALL COOPERATE WITH FEDERAL, STATE AND 13 LOCAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES IN THE TESTING AND STUDY IN URBAN 14 SETTINGS OF TRANSIT BUSES CAPABLE OF OPERATING ON ALTERNATIVE 15 FUELS, PROVIDED FUNDS AUTHORIZED FOR THIS PURPOSE BY THE 16 ALTERNATIVE MOTOR FUELS ACT OF 1988 ARE APPROPRIATED AND MADE 17 AVAILABLE TO THE OFFICE UPON APPLICATION, OR FUNDS ARE OTHERWISE 18 MADE AVAILABLE FOR THIS PURPOSE. 19 (E) ADVISORY ASSISTANCE.--THE OFFICE MAY APPOINT, AS MAY BE 20 NECESSARY, ADVISORY GROUPS CONSISTING OF STATE AND LOCAL 21 GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS AND PERSONS FROM THE PRIVATE SECTOR, 22 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AND THE 23 GENERAL PUBLIC WHO ARE KNOWLEDGEABLE ABOUT ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND 24 THEIR POSSIBLE USES, THE PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS 25 VEHICLES AND THE CONVERSION OF VEHICLES TO ALTERNATIVE FUELS 26 USE, OR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES TO REDUCE EMISSIONS 27 ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS. 28 (F) COORDINATION AND INFORMATION.--THE OFFICE SHALL 29 COORDINATE THE COMMONWEALTH'S EFFORTS RELATING TO THE USE OF 30 ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES WITH EFFORTS OF FEDERAL AND LOCAL 19890H0637B3201 - 12 -
1 AGENCIES AND SHALL ENCOURAGE THE EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION AMONG 2 INDIVIDUALS, PRIVATE INDUSTRY, PUBLIC AGENCIES, ENVIRONMENTAL 3 GROUPS AND COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES INTERESTED IN THE 4 DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS. 5 (G) REPORT.--WITHIN FIVE YEARS OF THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF THIS 6 ACT, THE OFFICE SHALL REPORT TO THE GOVERNOR AND THE GENERAL 7 ASSEMBLY UPON THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY CONDUCTED PURSUANT TO 8 SUBSECTION (B), AND UPON ANY FINDINGS RESULTING FROM 9 PARTICIPATION IN ACTIVITIES UNDER SUBSECTIONS (C) AND (D). THE 10 REPORT SHALL ALSO INCLUDE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES 11 RELATED TO THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS IN THIS COMMONWEALTH. 12 SECTION 5. CONSTRUCTION. 13 NOTHING IN THIS ACT SHALL BE CONSTRUED TO PROHIBIT OR 14 RESTRICT THE STUDY OR USE OF VEHICLES USING ALTERNATIVE SOURCES 15 OF ENERGY OR FUEL OTHER THAN THOSE SET FORTH IN THIS ACT IF SUCH 16 STUDY OR USE IS DETERMINED BY THE OFFICE TO BE ECONOMICALLY 17 FEASIBLE AND IS DETERMINED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL 18 RESOURCES TO BE ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE. 19 SECTION 6. REPEALS. 20 ALL ACTS AND PARTS OF ACTS ARE REPEALED INSOFAR AS THEY ARE 21 INCONSISTENT WITH THIS ACT. 22 SECTION 7. EFFECTIVE DATE. 23 THIS ACT SHALL TAKE EFFECT IMMEDIATELY. A3L71WMB/19890H0637B3201 - 13 -